亚洲霸权之争
为何亚洲霸权之争始于中国海警
Why the Battle for Supremacy in Asia Begins With China’s Coast Guard
DAMIEN CAVE 2023年6月12日
中国海警船在南中国海争议水域危险拦截菲律宾海警船
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3cgwMk-zAM
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菲律宾海岸警卫队最近开展海上巡逻任务，并首次邀请一些记者参加。据参加巡航的美联社记者所见，23日上午，菲方海警船靠近位于南中国海的第二托马斯浅滩(菲律宾称阿云金浅滩、中国称仁爱礁)时遭到中国海警船拦截，双方险些相撞。中国声称对仁爱礁及附近水域拥有主权，近来不断派海警船在那附近巡逻。报道：https://www.voachinese.com/a/7068785....
为何亚洲霸权之争始于中国海警
Why the Battle for Supremacy in Asia Begins With China’s Coast Guard
DAMIEN CAVE 2023年6月12日
4月，在南海争议岛礁附近，菲律宾海岸警卫队人员乘坐充气艇从一艘中国海警快艇旁驶过。
4月，在南海争议岛礁附近，菲律宾海岸警卫队人员乘坐充气艇从一艘中国海警快艇旁驶过。 TED ALJIBE/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
Seeking to dominate the strategic waterways of Asia, China has deployed an armada of boats that are equipped with 76-millimeter cannons and anti-ship missiles, and are bigger than U.S. Navy destroyers. But they are not Chinese Navy vessels. Their hulls are painted white, with “China Coast Guard” in block letters on the sides.
为了控制亚洲的战略航道，中国部署了一支配备76毫米舰炮和反舰导弹的舰队，船体比美国海军的驱逐舰还要大。但它们并不属于中国海军。船体被漆成白色，两侧用大写字母写着“中国海警”。
In just a decade, China has amassed the world’s largest coast guard fleet, and it is like no other. More militarized, more aggressive in international disputes and less concerned with the usual missions of policing smugglers or search and rescue, the Chinese force has upended 200 years of global coast guard tradition.
在短短十年间，中国已经建起了世界最大且独一无二的海警舰队。这支舰队军事化程度更高，在国际争端中更加咄咄逼人，走私或者搜救等海警常规任务则较少关注，这支中国武装力量颠覆了全球200年来的海警传统。
It has also set off an arms race. Powering into a gray zone between law enforcement and naval power, Beijing has targeted rivals with ships that can easily sink the vessels most coast guards have used for decades. And in response, other countries that fear Chinese encroachment are rushing to deploy bigger, more heavily armed patrol boats of their own.
它还引发了一场军备竞赛。北京强势进入执法和海军力量之间的灰色地带，将目标对准那些存在对峙的国家，其舰船可以轻松击沉大多数国家的那些使用了数十年的老船。有鉴于此，担心中国侵占领土的国家争相部署更大、火力更猛的巡逻船。
The waters around Taiwan, the self-governed island China claims as its own, are one potential battleground. But with coast guard standoffs quietly escalating around the region, officials and analysts increasingly worry about a rising threat: an accident or violent skirmish anywhere in the vast area that China’s Coast Guard roams, which could spark a broader conflict, even a war between major powers.
台湾周围水域是一个可能爆发战争的地点，中国声称这个自治的岛屿是其领土。但随着该地区的海警对峙悄然升级，官方和分析人士越来越担心一个日益加剧的威胁：在中国海警出没的广阔区域内，任何局部事件或暴力冲突都可能引发更广泛的冲突，甚至大国之间的战争。
From March 30 to April 2, a squadron of Chinese Coast Guard ships circled the contested islands that Japan calls the Senkakus for 80 hours and 36 minutes — China’s longest-ever stay, according to maritime data.
根据海事数据，从3月30日到4月2日，一支中国海警船编队在日本称之为尖阁列岛的争议岛屿附近巡航80小时36分钟，打破了中方最长停留记录。
Japan later announced a plan to upgrade its coast guard and fold it into the Ministry of Defense.
日本后来宣布了一项升级海岸警卫队并将其并入防卫省的计划。
Two more recent incidents also point to new levels of Chinese assertiveness and regional risk:
最近的两起事件也表明，中国的强硬态度和地区风险达到了新的水平:
• Starting around April 8, Chinese patrol ships crowded near Taiwan, threatening for the first time to stop and search Taiwanese vessels during Chinese military drills prompted by a meeting between President Tsai Ing-wen and the House speaker, Kevin McCarthy. Taiwan is now developing plans to pierce any future blockades while hardening its own coast guard.
• 从4月8日前后开始，中国的巡逻船聚集在台湾附近，首次威胁要在蔡英文总统与众议院议长麦卡锡会晤促发的军演期间拦截和搜查台湾船只。台湾目前正在制定计划，以突破未来可能出现的封锁，同时加强自己的海岸警卫队建设。
• On April 23, near a disputed shoal in the South China Sea, one of China’s large cutters maneuvered into the path of a much smaller Philippine patrol boat, forcing its captain to throw its engines into reverse to avoid a collision. A few days later, the United States promised to give the Philippines six new upgraded patrol vessels.
• 4月23日，在南海一处争议岛礁附近，中国的一艘大型巡逻船切进一艘小得多的菲律宾巡逻船的航道，迫使后者的船长挂倒挡以避免撞船。几天后，美国承诺向菲律宾提供六艘装备更为精良的新巡逻船。
These altercations — along with additional Chinese incursions near Vietnam and the Pacific Island nation of Palau in May and June — fit a pattern of intensifying tensions, marking a major shift in how nations claim territory and protect their interests in the world’s oceans. Coast guards that once acted as watchful eyes and helping hands have become more like navies, drawn into Asia’s geopolitics and deployed as military muscle in waterways that are vital for shipping and natural resources.
这些争执，加上中国5月和6月对越南和太平洋岛国帕劳附近的侵犯，都符合一个紧张局势加剧的模式，标志着各国在世界海洋中主张领土和保护其利益的方式发生了重大转变。曾经充当守望之眼和援助之手的海岸警卫队变得越来越像海军，卷入亚洲的地缘政治，并作为军事力量部署在对航运和自然资源至关重要的水道上。
From ports in southern China and Taiwan to American bases in Guam, white-hulled coast guard vessels are getting longer and heavier, or smaller and faster. Their guns are also getting bigger, or they are being built to allow for complex weapons systems to be bolted on at a moment’s notice. And the region’s coast guards are working more closely with defense planners, putting them at the vanguard of broader contests in the Indo-Pacific over economic and military power.
从中国南方和台湾的港口到美国在关岛的基地，白色的海警船要么变得更大、更重，要么更小、更快。它们配备的火炮口径也越来越大，或者可以随时装上复杂的武器系统。该地区的海岸警卫队正在与国防部门更密切地合作，使其成为印太地区更广泛的经济和军事实力竞争的先锋。
“This is not how it was 10 years ago,” said John Bradford, a retired U.S. Navy commander and senior fellow in the Maritime Security Program at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore. “Many countries across the region have started using their coast guards to assert sovereignty.”
美国海军退役中校、新加坡拉惹勒南国际研究院海上安全项目高级研究员约翰·布拉德福德说：“不同于10年前，这个地区的许多国家已经开始使用海岸警卫队来维护主权。”
“The idea,” he added, “is that it’s more effective because you’re less likely to push up the escalation ladder because they’re lightly armed. But when a coast guard vessel gets missiles on it, how is it different from a navy vessel except for the color of the paint on the hull?”
“背后的思路是，”他补充说，“当船只有少量火力时会更有效，因为不那么容易导致事态升级。但是当海岸警卫队的船装备了导弹，除了船体油漆的颜色之外，它和海军舰艇有什么区别呢？”
2月，关岛，一艘美国海岸警卫队巡逻艇。美国在太平洋地区变得更加活跃，部署了新一代巡逻舰，还与多个国家签订了巡逻协议。
2月，关岛，一艘美国海岸警卫队巡逻艇。美国在太平洋地区变得更加活跃，部署了新一代巡逻舰，还与多个国家签订了巡逻协议。 CHANG W. LEE/THE NEW YORK TIMES
The coast guard competition now emerging in Asia began with China’s push to become what it called a “maritime great power.”
自中国致力于成为其所谓的“海事大国”后，现在亚洲出现了海警竞赛。
That phrase, setting out a national priority, appears in Chinese government documents as far back as 2000, with a definition that includes naval power, fishing prowess, environmental protection and the advancement of territorial claims. The coast guard’s leading role was solidified in 2013 under Xi Jinping, who, in his first year as China’s leader, created the seagoing force by consolidating five agencies.
早在2000年，中国政府文件中就出现了这一表述国家优先事项的用语，“海事大国”的定义包括海军力量、捕鱼能力、环境保护和领土主张的推进。2013年，海警的主导作用在习近平的领导下得到巩固，他在担任中国领导人的第一年通过整合五个部门建立了这支海事力量。
The coast guard, in China’s eyes, would be a pillar of its rejuvenation as a world power because it would help Beijing control important waterways (and their fishing and mining riches) without spurring a military response from countries flummoxed by the fleet’s not-quite-military heft.
在中国眼中，海警将成为其大国复兴的支柱，因为它将帮助北京控制重要水域（以及那里的渔业和矿产资源），海警力量没有达到军事标准，因此不会激起其他国家的军事反应。
What followed were dozens of confrontations confirming that China’s coast guard — often working with a militia of fishing and other kinds of vessels — could patrol, prod and intimidate rivals with near impunity.
随后发生的数十次对抗证实，中国海警——通常与渔民民兵和其他类型的船只合作——可以无所顾忌地巡逻、挑衅和恐吓对手。
In 2013, there were several tense standoffs in the South China Sea between Chinese Coast Guard vessels and Filipino troops occupying a World War II-era ship called the Sierra Madre.
2013年在南海，菲律宾部队的一艘名为马德雷山号的二战时期船只与中国海警船只发生数次紧张对峙。
In 2014, in the same sea off the coast of Vietnam, a Chinese Coast Guard ship rammed a Vietnamese Coast Guard vessel after Vietnam tried to stop China from building an oil rig in contested waters.
2014年，同样在南海的越南海岸附近，越南试图阻止中国在有争议的水域建造石油钻井平台，一艘中国海警船随后撞上了一艘越南海警船。
In 2016, China’s coast guard rammed free a fishing boat that had been seized by the Indonesian authorities.
2016年，中国海警冲撞一艘被印尼当局扣押的中国渔船，将其放走。
4月，一艘中国海警船在台湾控制的马祖群岛附近进行军事演习。
4月，一艘中国海警船在台湾控制的马祖群岛附近进行军事演习。 THOMAS PETER/REUTERS
More recently, China has expanded both the mission and the fighting capacity of its fleet. A 2021 law grants its coast guard — which falls under military control — the right to use lethal force against foreign ships in waters that Beijing claims, including the South China Sea, where it has built forward operating bases on artificial islands.
最近，中国增加了舰队的任务和战斗力。海警由军方控制，2021年的一项法律授权海警在北京声称拥有主权的水域对外国船只使用致命武力，这些水域包括南海，中国在那里的人工岛上建立了前出行动基地。
Regional experts say the provisions violate international law by allowing China’s coast guard, without declaring war, to engage in warlike behavior beyond its national jurisdiction.
地区专家表示，这些规定违反了国际法，允许中国海警在未宣战的情况下在其国家管辖范围之外展开武装行动。
And its boats increasingly have the power to do so. China now has around 150 large coast guard patrol ships of at least 1,000 tons, compared to roughly 70 for Japan, 60 for the United States and just a handful for most countries in Asia. The Philippines has 25 patrol ships to deploy in the South China Sea. Taiwan’s coast guard consists of 23 boats, according to U.S. officials.
而且它的船也越来越具备这样做的能力。中国目前拥有大约150艘在1000吨以上的大型海警巡逻舰，而日本大约有70艘，美国有60艘，亚洲大多数国家只有几艘。菲律宾在南海部署了25艘巡逻舰。据美国官员称，台湾海警有23艘船。
Many of China’s coast guard vessels are former navy corvettes, capable of long-endurance operations and equipped with helicopter pads, powerful water cannons and guns the same caliber as those on an M1 Abrams tank. According to the most recent Defense Department report on China’s military, 85 of its coast guard vessels carry anti-ship cruise missiles.
中国海警的许多船只原为海军护卫舰，能够进行长时间的作业，并配备了直升机停机坪、强大的水炮和与M1艾布拉姆斯坦克口径相同的火炮。根据国防部最新的中国军力报告，中国海警舰艇中有85艘携带反舰巡航导弹。
This new fleet of warships dressed up as law enforcement vessels is what many countries in Asia are forced to confront almost daily as China pushes further into disputed territory, for longer periods. And it’s not just in the South China Sea.
随着中国进一步深入有争议的领土越来越久，亚洲许多国家几乎每天被迫面对这支伪装成执法船只的新舰队。而且不仅仅是在南海。
On May 11, in the East China Sea, two Chinese Coast Guard vessels breached the 12-mile territorial limit around the Senkaku Islands for the 13th time this year. In 2022, alternating teams of 1,500-ton Chinese Coast Guard vessels spent 336 days circling the disputed islands, up from 171 in 2017, according to Japanese tracking data.
5月11日，在东海，两艘中国海警船今年第13次超越钓鱼岛周围12海里的领海界限。根据日本的追踪数据，2022年全年，由1500吨的中国海警船只组成的不同舰队有336天出现在这些争议岛屿周围，相比2017年的171天有大幅增加。
2012年，日本和中国船只在东海有争议的钓鱼岛附近。
2012年，日本和中国船只在东海有争议的钓鱼岛附近。 KYODO NEWS, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS
“We have confirmed some ships deployed guns,” Hiromune Kikuchi, a Japanese Coast Guard spokesman, said in an interview. “We are concerned that they have increased numbers of large ships with military capabilities.”
“我们已经确认，一些船只配备了火炮，”日本海上保安厅发言人菊池弘宗（音）在接受采访时说。“我们担心他们增加了具有军事能力的大型船只的数量。”
Increasingly, so too have the coast guards of other countries.
其他国家的海警也随之增加了这样的船只。
Vietnam ordered six large coast guard ships from Japan to be delivered by 2025.
越南从日本订购了六艘大型海警船，将于2025年交付。
South Korea announced last year that it would build nine new 3,000-ton patrol ships for the seas off its western coast, where the maritime boundary with China is unclear.
韩国去年宣布将为其西部沿海海域建造九艘新的3000吨巡逻舰，那里与中国海域的边界尚不明确。
Japan approved a law in December that will increase its coast guard budget by nearly $1 billion — a 40 percent surge — and fold the fleet into its national defense forces.
日本在12月批准了一项新法律，将其海警预算增加近10亿美元——激增40%——并将海警舰队并入其国防力量。
The United States and Australia have also become more active in the Pacific with gifts of patrol boats, new maritime surveillance centers and, for the Americans, a new generation of larger Coast Guard cutters and patrol agreements with several nations — adding Papua New Guinea just in recent weeks.
美国和澳大利亚在太平洋地区也更加活跃，赠送巡逻艇、新的海上监视中心，美国还增加了新一代更大的巡逻船，并与几个国家签订了巡逻协议——巴布亚新几内亚近几周刚刚加入。
The United States is also now working more closely with Japan and the Philippines in the South China Sea, conducting joint coast guard training exercises in the Philippines last year and again this June, drawing complaints from Beijing.
美国现在还在南海与日本和菲律宾更密切地合作，去年和今年6月在菲律宾进行了联合海警训练演习，引起北京不满。
去年，一艘菲律宾海岸警卫队巡逻舰和一艘美国海岸警卫队巡逻船在联合训练演习中。
去年，一艘菲律宾海岸警卫队巡逻舰和一艘美国海岸警卫队巡逻船在联合训练演习中。 FRANCIS R MALASIG/EPA-EFE, VIA SHUTTERSTOCK
“The coast guards and different nations in the region are maturing,” said Vice Adm. Andrew J. Tiongson, the U.S. Coast Guard’s Pacific Area commander. “I think they’re maturing out of necessity.”
“该地区的海警和各国正在成熟起来，”美国海警太平洋地区指挥官安德鲁·J·廷森中将表示。“我认为他们的成熟是出于必要。”
Nowhere is that dynamic more obvious than in the Taiwan Strait and the shipyards of southern Taiwan. On an island at the center of regional anxieties, Taiwan’s coast guard is expanding far more rapidly than its Navy while confronting almost daily challenges from China.
这种态势在台湾海峡和台湾南部的造船厂最为明显。台湾位于地区焦虑的中心，台湾海警几乎每天都面临来自中国大陆的挑战，其扩张速度远远高于台湾海军。
On one recent visit to an industrial area just outside the port of Kaohsiung, workers put the final touches on repairs for a coast guard patrol boat whose nose had been sheared off at sea.
在最近一次访问高雄港外的工业区时，工人们即将完成一艘船头被撞裂的海警巡逻艇的修理工作。
“A Chinese ship hit this boat and broke right through it,” said Hun Yenlu, a former Taiwanese Navy officer who runs Karmin International, a company that builds and repairs Taiwanese Coast Guard vessels.
“一艘中国船撞上了它，直接撞断了，”前台湾海军军官胡彦儒说，他经营的罡旻企业有限公司专门建造和修理台湾海警船只。
A few weeks earlier, he said, the patrol boat — a 36-foot rigid inflatable, similar to assault craft used by U.S. Navy Seals — had helped form a cordon with a few others around a suspicious-looking speedboat near Taiwan’s outer islands. That boat had six engines, a common design for China’s maritime militia, and when the Taiwanese Coast Guard asked about its mission, the pilot pushed the throttle and punched through.
他说，几周前，这艘巡逻艇——一艘36英尺长的刚性充气艇，类似于美国海军海豹突击队使用的突击艇——与其他几艘巡逻艇在台湾外岛周围形成了警戒线，将一艘可疑快艇包围。那艘船有六个引擎，是中国民兵船的常见设计，当台湾海警询问其任务时，船员加大油门冲了过去。
“There was no name on that ship, but we know it was Chinese,” said Mr. Hun, recounting the story officials had told him. “When you don’t see a name, you know it’s suspicious.”
“那艘船没有名字，但我们知道它是中国的，”胡彦儒讲述了官员告诉他的情况。“当你看不到名字时，你就知道它很可疑。”
台湾屏东市，工人们正在修理一艘在海上被中国船只撞掉船头的海警巡逻艇。
台湾屏东市，工人们正在修理一艘在海上被中国船只撞掉船头的海警巡逻艇。 LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
It was one of many collisions and near misses caused by aggressive Chinese tactics near Taiwan, according to maritime officials and boat builders.
据海事官员和造船商称，这是中国在台湾附近采取咄咄逼人的策略造成的多起碰撞和碰撞未遂事故之一。
On June 3, the U.S. military said that an American naval destroyer, the U.S.S. Chung-Hoon, slowed to avoid a possible collision with a Chinese Navy ship that crossed in front of the Chung-Hoon as it passed through the strait between China and Taiwan.
6月3日，美国军方表示，美国海军驱逐舰钟云号在通过中国和台湾之间的海峡时减速，以避免与一艘从它前面穿过的中国海军舰艇相撞。
China’s threat in April to inspect Taiwanese vessels represented another kind of climb up the escalatory ladder. The response to it revealed the blurring lines of aggression at sea.
中国在4月威胁要检查台湾船只，代表了另一种试图升级冲突的方式。对这一行为的反应揭示了海上侵犯的界限十分模糊。
Taiwan’s Ocean Affairs Council said it had responded to China’s threat by employing a coast guard boat of its own as a shadowing force to “prevent mainland China from endangering the freedom of navigation and safety of our citizens.” A spokesman for Taiwan’s office overseeing relations with Beijing said: “If you interfere, we will hit back.”
台湾海洋事务委员会表示，它已通过使用自己的海警船作为掩护力量来应对中国的威胁，以“防止中国大陆以过当行为危及我管辖海域之国人航行自由与安全”。台湾负责与北京关系的办公室发言人说：“如果你干涉，我们会反击。”
A second shipyard near the port in Kaohsiung offered hints of what that might mean.
至于这句话的意思，高雄港口附近的另二个造船厂可能给出了提示。
A new 100-ton patrol boat bobbed in the water with a strong steel hull rather than the lighter materials of earlier iterations, for protection in case of ramming. On one of the piers, a 600-ton coast guard vessel with a fresh coat of white paint waited for engineers to add the same radio and radar that Taiwan’s Navy uses.
水面上有一艘新的100吨巡逻艇，船体采用坚固的钢材以防撞击，而不是沿用早期版本的较轻材料。在其中一个码头上，一艘新刷了白漆的600吨海警船正在等待工程师安装与台湾海军相同的无线电和雷达。
On the side, there was a wide gap in the hull — for missile launchers, if needed.
船体侧面有一处很宽的开口——用于安装导弹发射器，如果有必要的话。
Hisako Ueno自东京、Amy Chang Chien自台北、Zixu Wang自香港对本文有报道贡献。
Damien Cave是时报澳大利亚悉尼分社社长。他此前曾在墨西哥城、哈瓦那、贝鲁特和巴格达报道新闻。自2004年加入《纽约时报》以来，他还担任过国内新闻副主编、迈阿密分社社长和纽约市记者。欢迎在Twitter上关注他：@damiencave。
翻译：纽约时报中文网
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