為了保護歐洲,讓烏克蘭立即加入北約 沒有哪個國家比俄羅斯更擅長阻止俄羅斯 安德烈·扎戈羅德紐克 2023 年 6 月 1 日 2023 年 4 月,烏克蘭總統澤倫斯基和北約秘書長延斯·斯托爾滕貝格在基輔 2023 年 4 月,烏克蘭總統澤倫斯基和北約秘書長延斯·斯托爾滕貝格在基輔 烏克蘭總統新聞處/講義/路透社 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/protect-europe-let-ukraine-join-nato-right-now 請求轉載權限 下載文章 7月,北約 31 個國家的首腦將在立陶宛維爾紐斯召開首腦會議——這是自俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭以來的第四次首腦會議。與最後三個一樣,訴訟程序將以如何解決衝突為主導。這些國家的領導人將考慮基輔需要什麼來繼續戰鬥,以及他們的國家可以提供什麼。他們將歡迎因入侵而於 4 月加入的芬蘭。他們將討論瑞典的未決申請。他們邀請了烏克蘭總統澤倫斯基,因此他們也將討論烏克蘭的申辦問題。如果過去是序幕,他們將確認基輔有望加入該組織。 “所有北約盟國都同意烏克蘭將成為成員國,”北約秘書長延斯·斯托爾滕貝格在 4 月份表示。“烏克蘭的未來在北約。” 然而,烏克蘭人之前已經聽過很多次了。在過去二十年的大部分時間裡,基輔一直在尋求加入北約。在過去二十年的大部分時間裡,北約讓它在風中扭曲。2008年,聯盟承諾最終讓烏克蘭加入,但從未認真考慮過基輔的申請。相反,它首先得出的結論是,承認該國不值得損害西俄關係。然後,在克里姆林宮於 2014 年吞併克里米亞之後,北約認為烏克蘭的成員國身份對聯盟的要求太多而回報太少。 隨時了解情況。 每週提供深入分析。 但那是在俄羅斯發動全面入侵之前。從那以後的 15 個月裡,一切都變了。西方與俄羅斯的關係迅速破裂。北約國家開始向烏克蘭提供大量軍事援助。基輔利用這種援助制止了俄羅斯的襲擊並將該國擊退。它迫使克里姆林宮以驚人的速度燒毀彈藥和裝備,削弱了俄羅斯的整體實力。通過這樣做,烏克蘭證明了它不是北約的累贅,實際上是一筆不可思議的財富。北約的存在是為了幫助保護歐洲,自從莫斯科開始入侵以來,沒有其他國家在保護歐洲安全方面做得更多。 然而,仍然沒有真正的行動讓該國加入該組織。歐洲各國政府可能已經不再擔心與莫斯科保持良好關係,但他們擔心戰爭會擴大到他們的國家,他們認為加入北約是升級局勢的必由之路。畢竟,該組織的條約聲明,對一個成員的攻擊必須視為對所有成員的攻擊。俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾·普京明確表示,該組織是他的宿敵。他們擔心如果捲入烏克蘭,他可能會擴大戰爭。 然而,這些恐懼是完全錯誤的。與普遍的誤解相反,北約條約並不要求成員國派遣軍隊保衛遭到攻擊的北約國家。普京會因為烏克蘭加入聯盟而有意義地升級的想法反映了對近代歷史的誤解。歐洲國家多年來一直無視烏克蘭加入北約的申請,正是為了避免激怒莫斯科——而且效果恰好為零。 那麼,是時候讓烏克蘭加入了——不是遲早的事,而是現在。通過加入聯盟,該國將確保其作為西方一部分的未來,並且可以肯定美國和歐洲將繼續幫助它對抗莫斯科。歐洲也將通過允許烏克蘭加入該聯盟而獲得安全利益。現在很明顯,非洲大陸還沒有準備好自衛,其政客在很大程度上高估了其安全性。事實上,除非歐洲能夠在軍事上阻止莫斯科的襲擊,否則它永遠不會免受俄羅斯的威脅。沒有哪個國家比烏克蘭更有資格這樣做。 憑藉過去 15 個月對烏克蘭的大力支持,該聯盟實質上已經支付了接納烏克蘭的所有費用。通過允許該國現在加入,北約可以開始獲益。烏克蘭是該大陸在北約東翼重建和平與法治的最大希望。它應該受到歡迎和擁抱。 從不可想像到不可或缺 烏克蘭並不總是想成為北約的一部分。當該國在 1991 年獲得獨立時,它積極迴避軍事聯盟。該州憲法正式宣布保持中立,烏克蘭政府當時並沒有建立龐大常備軍的目標。烏克蘭政府甚至解散了從蘇聯繼承的核武庫。作為交換,基輔與倫敦、莫斯科和華盛頓簽署了一頁紙的協議,簽署方均承諾尊重烏克蘭的主權。 很快就很清楚,莫斯科的承諾毫無意義。千禧年之後的幾年裡,俄羅斯開始在烏克蘭開展秘密和混合行動。在此過程中,它升級了其活動,其中包括賄賂和傳播錯誤信息。因此,該國於 2008 年與北約接洽並詢問其是否可以加入。在2008年的《布加勒斯特宣言》中,聯盟給出了初步的肯定。但它提供的途徑故意含糊不清。烏克蘭的崛起沒有時間表或最後期限,只是承諾有一天它會發生。 這種猶豫是由普京提供的,他出席了布加勒斯特會議並遊說北約拒絕基輔的申辦。當時西方和俄羅斯正在建立深厚的經濟聯繫,而前者正試圖拉攏後者。通過與俄羅斯融合,許多歐洲國家認為,除了發展本國經濟外,它們還可以緩和莫斯科最糟糕的行為。甚至在2010年,北約就將俄羅斯列為親密夥伴,希望與克里姆林宮合作。即使在莫斯科於 2014 年吞併克里米亞並在烏克蘭東部發動戰爭之後,這些希望仍在繼續。烏克蘭的漫長等待也是如此。俄羅斯的行動表明,烏克蘭的中立不會維持歐洲的和平——烏克蘭在莫斯科發動襲擊時是不結盟的——但吞併仍然只會讓華盛頓和西歐國家不太可能接納基輔。現在,他們擔心,接受烏克蘭不僅會激怒莫斯科,還會將北約拉入衝突。 烏克蘭已經證明其軍隊不是慈善機構。 然而,當俄羅斯軍隊於 2022 年 2 月開始向基輔進軍時,西方的計算發生了變化。克里姆林宮的全面入侵非常清楚地表明,俄羅斯不是歐洲可以與之進行貿易的現狀大國,經濟關係不會停止莫斯科免於違反國際法。北約一度對向烏克蘭提供可用於自衛的武器猶豫不決,但現在開始向其提供先進的進攻系統。今天,北約國家已經用頂級坦克、短程火箭和遠程導彈武裝了基輔。烏克蘭甚至似乎準備好接收西方製造的戰鬥機。 作為交換,烏克蘭已經證明其軍隊不是慈善機構。在擊潰俄羅斯軍隊的過程中,它培養了數十萬訓練有素的士兵。軍方還向其指揮官和文職人員傳授瞭如何打敗俄羅斯軍隊的深入知識。該國擁有龐大的工業基礎,儘管莫斯科盡了最大努力,但仍完好無損。可以毫不誇張地說,鑑於他們的經驗和陸戰能力,烏克蘭武裝部隊可能是全歐洲最好的。 那麼,對於北約來說,烏克蘭應該是一個極具吸引力的成員,原因有很多——特別是考慮到該組織的安全架構有許多公認和未被承認的缺陷。例如,考慮一下它的國防工業。儘管俄羅斯多年來不斷加強侵略,但歐洲國家在冷戰後任由其軍事物資和製造商萎縮。結果,當烏克蘭戰爭爆發時,他們中的大多數人發現他們的武器和彈藥庫存已經下降到危險的低水平。一些國家,包括德國而英國則表示,他們的物資只有幾天的用量。他們的軍事承包商也不願意僱用人員,因此他們很難提高產量。因此,這些州可能需要烏克蘭製造商幫助補充庫存。 北約顯然需要一支規模更大、裝備更精良的部隊。 他們可能還需要烏克蘭軍隊。大多數歐洲軍隊的設計都是圍繞著擁有少量訓練有素的部隊,這些部隊使用高科技、精確制導的設備來擊敗敵人。但烏克蘭戰爭表明,該系統無法有效對抗俄羅斯這樣的對手,俄羅斯通過向目標投擲人員和彈藥進行戰鬥(並且精通摧毀高科技系統)。俄羅斯的瓦格納準軍事公司還開創了一種戰斗方式,即向目標派遣成群的步兵,這限制了包括航空和大砲在內的大型火力裝備的效能。烏克蘭不得不部署大量軍隊來抵禦這場猛攻,而俄羅斯和烏克蘭燃燒彈藥和武器的速度也遠遠超過了最初的估計。如果北約想確保它不會成為未來俄羅斯侵略的受害者,它顯然需要一支規模更大、裝備更精良的部隊。烏克蘭龐大而才華橫溢的軍隊必須參與其中。 烏克蘭還有另一個對北約來說非常寶貴的優勢:它在物理上靠近俄羅斯。根據該組織目前的戰略,前線國家將不得不抵禦俄羅斯的進攻,直到西歐和美國抵達並向東部派出大量士兵。這是一個冒險的策略。正如莫斯科的入侵所表明的那樣,即使是訓練有素的俄羅斯軍隊有時也可以在短短幾天內佔領大量土地。如果莫斯科試圖奪取對愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞或立陶宛領土的控制權,美國軍隊可能要等到為時已晚。相比之下,烏克蘭部隊就在附近。他們可以快速進入戰場,然後做他們在過去 15 個月裡取得的巨大成功——避開俄羅斯。 考慮到烏克蘭目前正忙於在國內與俄羅斯作戰,談論基輔幫助其他國家對抗莫斯科似乎為時過早。誠然,現在基輔沒有多少軍隊可以空餘。但莫斯科也沒有。如果俄羅斯攻擊歐洲其他地方,那麼一旦烏克蘭戰爭平息,兩國都有士兵待命,它可能就會發動攻擊。 沒有充分的理由 西方領導人都知道,烏克蘭軍隊非常強大。“烏克蘭軍隊擁有強大的能力和勇氣,正如我們在整個過程中看到的那樣,”美國國防部長勞埃德奧斯汀在 4 月份告訴記者。斯托爾滕貝格告訴記者,他“絕對”相信基輔能夠擊敗莫斯科,理由是“烏克蘭武裝部隊的勇氣、技能和決心”。就連瓦格納的兇殘領導人葉夫根尼·普里戈任也說,烏克蘭是世界上“最強大的軍隊之一”。他宣稱,烏克蘭人“就像處於巔峰時期的希臘人或羅馬人”。 然而,西方決策者仍未認真對待烏克蘭加入北約的申請。例如,在 5 月,斯托爾滕貝格警告說,雖然烏克蘭最終會加入,但“在戰爭中加入不是議程”。德國國防部長鮑里斯·皮斯托瑞斯表示,雖然通往烏克蘭的大門已經打開,但這只是“一條縫”。現在,他繼續說,“不是做出決定的時候。” Stoltenberg 或 Pistorius 都沒有明確說明他們為什麼反對加快烏克蘭的申請,就像歐盟對芬蘭所做的那樣。但他們的推理很容易推斷。北約可能不再對俄羅斯的性質抱有任何幻想,也不再低估烏克蘭人的力量。但北約成員國不想與俄羅斯開戰。在他們看來,在這場衝突中接納烏克蘭加入北約恰恰可以做到這一點。 烏克蘭也可能已經是北約國家。 這種恐懼部分源於北約第 5 條的規定,該規定宣布對該組織成員之一的武裝攻擊“應被視為對他們所有人的攻擊”。大多數不經意的觀察家認為,這意味著北約國家有義務派遣軍隊保衛受到攻擊的成員國。但事實並非如此。第五條規定,每個成員國必須採取“認為必要的行動”來幫助受攻擊方——這一措辭賦予了北約成員國很大的靈活性。例如,當美國在 9 月 11 日之後援引第 5 條時,許多北約國家並沒有派兵打擊塔利班作為回應。 按照這個標準,烏克蘭可能已經是北約國家了。它以尖端軍備的形式從夥伴國家獲得了數百億美元的幫助。它一直是廣泛的西方軍事訓練的受益者。它接收詳細的美國情報。而且它從未要求北約在地面上部署部隊。它沒有理由這樣做:與較小的北約國家不同,烏克蘭擁有一支龐大的軍事力量,可以獨自對付俄羅斯人。 一些西方分析人士仍然擔心,讓烏克蘭加入北約會導致局勢升級。普京多次宣稱,俄羅斯絕不會允許烏克蘭加入北約,因此一些決策者擔心承認基輔可能會激怒普京,擴大衝突。但這是基於對普京動機的根本誤解。克里姆林宮最關心的從來不是烏克蘭是否會加入北約,儘管普京可能會在公開場合說些什麼。相反,烏克蘭正在抵制普京的殖民野心。為了應對這種恐懼,俄羅斯已經升級——入侵烏克蘭。西方一再保證烏克蘭不會加入北約並沒有阻止他。 絕對有必要 烏克蘭應該立即加入北約。但不幸的是,它幾乎肯定要等待。將一個國家加入聯盟需要一致投票,而且仍然有太多的政府仍然反對該國的提升。 但在維爾紐斯,北約至少應該超越對烏克蘭未來的模糊承諾,著手解決幫助基輔加入該組織的具體細節。現在是西方國家堅決反對欺凌者並停止讓俄羅斯(或任何其他外部國家)在將其視為對手的組織的安全架構中發表意見的時候了。 相反,現在是北約開始加強自身實力的時候了,而讓烏克蘭加入對完成這項任務至關重要。畢竟,沒有哪個國家更了解如何反擊克里姆林宮。事實上,沒有哪個國家在任何地方都擁有比現在更多的大規模戰爭經驗。烏克蘭唯一的對手是俄羅斯本身。 從根本上說,西方需要接受來自俄羅斯的威脅不會消失。俄羅斯的帝國野心不僅僅局限於烏克蘭。他們比普京更深入。俄羅斯整個最高領導層都沉浸在對西方的仇恨中,並以重建帝國為導向。即便基輔大獲全勝,即便普京下台,也將對東歐構成威脅。 為了阻止俄羅斯,民主世界需要一支一體化的軍隊來阻止和阻止克里姆林宮的侵略。北約可以成為那種力量。但為了做到這一點,它需要停止將烏克蘭視為試圖進入其安全屋的受騷擾的鄰國。相反,它需要承認烏克蘭的本來面目:世界上最好的執法者和一個可以為確保歐洲安全做很多事情的國家。那麼,北約需要承認烏克蘭。 To Protect Europe, Let Ukraine Join NATO—Right Now No Country Is Better at Stopping Russia By Andriy Zagorodnyuk June 1, 2023 Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg in Kyiv, April 2023 Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg in Kyiv, April 2023 Ukrainian Presidential Press Service / Handout / Reuters https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/protect-europe-let-ukraine-join-nato-right-now Request Reprint Permissions Download Article In July, the heads of NATO’s 31 countries will convene in Vilnius, Lithuania, for a summit—their fourth one since Russia invaded Ukraine. Like each of the last three, the proceedings will be dominated by how to address the conflict. The countries’ leaders will consider what Kyiv needs to keep fighting and what their states can offer. They will welcome Finland, which joined in April, prompted by the invasion. They will discuss Sweden’s pending application. They have invited Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, so they will discuss Ukraine’s bid as well. If past is prologue, they will affirm that Kyiv is on track to join the organization. “All NATO allies have agreed that Ukraine will become a member,” NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said in April. “Ukraine’s future is in NATO.” Ukrainians, however, have heard that many times before. For the better part of the last two decades, Kyiv has sought NATO membership. And for the better part of the last two decades, NATO has left it twisting in the wind. In 2008, the alliance promised to eventually let Ukraine in, but it has never seriously considered Kyiv’s application. Instead, it first concluded that admitting the country was not worth the damage to Western-Russian relations. Then, after the Kremlin annexed Crimea in 2014, NATO decided that Ukraine’s membership would demand too much of the alliance and for too little in return. Stay informed. In-depth analysis delivered weekly. But that was before Russia launched its full-scale invasion. In the 15 months since, everything has changed. The West’s ties with Russia have rapidly unraveled. NATO states began pumping Ukraine full of military aid. Kyiv has used this assistance to halt Russia’s attacks and push the country back. It has forced the Kremlin to burn through ammunition and gear at an astounding rate, degrading Russia’s overall strength. In doing so, Ukraine proved that it is not a drain on NATO but, in fact, an incredible asset. NATO exists to help protect Europe, and since Moscow’s invasion began, no other state has done more to keep Europe safe. And yet there is still no real movement toward letting the country join the organization. European governments may have stopped worrying about maintaining good relations with Moscow, but they are worried about widening the war into their countries, and they view NATO admission as a surefire way to escalate. The organization’s treaty, after all, declares that an attack on one member must be treated as an attack on all. And Russian President Vladimir Putin has made it clear that the organization is his archnemesis. They fear that he might widen the war if Ukraine is brought in. These fears, however, are completely misguided. Contrary to a popular misconception, NATO’s treaty does not require that members send troops to defend a NATO state that has been attacked. And the idea that Putin would meaningfully escalate because Ukraine joined the alliance reflects a misunderstanding of recent history. European states spent years ignoring Ukraine’s NATO application precisely to avoid antagonizing Moscow—and to precisely zero effect. It is time, then, to let Ukraine join—not sooner or later, but now. By entering the alliance, the country will secure its future as part of the West, and it can be sure the United States and Europe will continue to help it fight against Moscow. Europe, too, will reap security benefits by allowing Ukraine to join the alliance. It is now apparent that the continent is not ready to defend itself and that its politicians have largely overestimated its security. Indeed, Europe will never be secure from Russia until it can militarily stop Moscow’s attacks. And no state is more qualified to do so than Ukraine. With its massive support for Ukraine during the past 15 months, the alliance has in essence already paid all the costs of admitting Ukraine. By allowing the country to join now, NATO could begin reaping the benefits. Ukraine is the continent’s best hope for reestablishing peace and the rule of law across NATO’s eastern flanks. It should be welcomed and embraced. FROM UNTHINKABLE TO INDISPENSIBLE Ukraine did not always want to be part of NATO. When the country gained independence in 1991, it actively eschewed military alliances. The state’s constitution formally declared that it would be neutral, and the Ukrainian government then did not aim to build a large standing army. The Ukrainian government even disbanded its nuclear arsenal, inherited from the Soviet Union. In exchange, Kyiv signed a one-page agreement with London, Moscow, and Washington in which the signatories all promised to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty. It was quickly clear that Moscow’s promise was meaningless. Russia began conducting covert and hybrid operations in Ukraine in the years just following the turn of the millennium. It escalated its activities, which included bribery and spreading misinformation, over the course of the aughts. As a result, the country approached NATO in 2008 and asked if it could join. In the 2008 Bucharest Declaration, the alliance gave a tentative yes. But the pathway it offered was deliberately vague. There was no timetable or deadline for Ukrainian ascension, just a promise that it would happen someday. This hesitance came courtesy of Putin, who attended the Bucharest conference and lobbied NATO to reject Kyiv’s bid. It was a time when the West and Russia were forging deep economic ties and the former was trying to woo the latter. By integrating with Russia, many European states believed that—in addition to growing their own economies—they could temper Moscow’s worst behavior. Even in 2010, NATO categorized Russia as a close partner and hoped it could collaborate with the Kremlin. These hopes continued even after Moscow annexed Crimea in 2014 and started a war in Ukraine’s east. So did Ukraine’s long wait. Russia’s actions made it apparent that Ukrainian neutrality would not maintain peace in Europe—Ukraine was nonaligned at the time Moscow attacked—but the annexation still only made Washington and western European countries less likely to admit Kyiv. Now, they feared, accepting Ukraine would not only upset Moscow but also pull NATO into a conflict. Ukraine has demonstrated that its military is no charity case. The West’s calculations shifted, however, the moment Russian forces began marching toward Kyiv in February 2022. The Kremlin’s full-scale invasion made it abundantly clear that Russia was not a status quo power with which Europe could trade, and that economic relationships would not stop Moscow from violating international law. NATO, once hesitant to give Ukraine weapons that it could use for self-defense, began offering it sophisticated offensive systems. Today, NATO states have armed Kyiv with top-line tanks, short-range rockets, and long-range missiles. Ukraine even seems poised to receive Western-made fighter jets. In exchange, Ukraine has demonstrated that its military is no charity case. In the process of routing Russian forces, it has created hundreds of thousands of highly trained soldiers. The military has also given its commanders and civilian staffers deep knowledge of how to defeat Russian forces. The country has a massive industrial base that, despite Moscow’s best efforts, remains intact. It is no exaggeration to say that, given their experience and land warfare capabilities, the Ukrainian armed forces might be the best in all of Europe. For NATO, then, Ukraine should be an extremely attractive member for a whole host of reasons—especially given that the organization’s security architecture has so many recognized and unrecognized flaws. Consider, for example, its defense industry. Despite years of mounting Russian aggression, European states allowed their military supplies and manufacturers to atrophy after the Cold War. As a result, when the war in Ukraine broke out, most of them discovered that their weapons and ammunition stockpiles had fallen to dangerously low levels. Some states, including Germany and the United Kingdom, said that they only have a few days’ worth of supplies. Their military contractors are also reluctant to hire personnel, and so they struggle to ramp up production. As a result, these states may need Ukrainian manufacturers to help replenish their stocks. NATO clearly needs a bigger and better-equipped force. They could also need Ukrainian forces. Most European militaries are designed around having small numbers of highly trained troops that use high-tech, precision-guided equipment to defeat their enemies. But the war in Ukraine has shown that this system is not effective against an adversary such as Russia, which fights by throwing men and munitions at its targets (and which is proficient at destroying high-tech systems). Russia’s Wagner paramilitary company has also pioneered a style of fighting that involves sending hordes of infantry troopers at targets, which limits the effectiveness of large firepower equipment, including aviation and artillery. Ukraine has had to deploy large numbers of troops to hold off this onslaught, and the rate at which both Russia and Ukraine have burned through ammunition and weapons has far surpassed initial estimates. NATO clearly needs a bigger and better-equipped force if it wants to make sure it won’t be the victim of future Russian aggression. Ukraine’s large and talented military must be a part of it. Ukraine has another advantage that, to NATO, is invaluable: it is physically close to Russia. Under the organization’s current strategy, frontline states would have to hold out against a Russian attack until western Europe and the United States could arrive and flood the east with their soldiers. It is a risky gambit. As Moscow’s invasion has shown, even Russia’s poorly trained forces can sometimes take large amounts of land in just a few days. If Moscow tried to seize control of territory in Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania, American troops might not arrive until it is too late. Ukrainian units, by contrast, are nearby. They could make it to the battlefield fast and then do what they’ve done with great success for the last 15 months—stave off Russia. Talk of Kyiv helping other countries fight against Moscow might seem wildly premature, given that Ukraine is currently tied up fighting Russia at home. It is true that, right now, Kyiv does not have many troops to spare. But neither does Moscow. If Russia attacks elsewhere in Europe, it will likely come once the war in Ukraine has reached a lull, when both states have soldiers on standby. NO GOOD REASON Western leaders are aware that the Ukrainian military is very powerful. “Ukraine forces have formidable capability and courage, as we have seen throughout,” U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin told reporters in April. Stoltenberg told journalists that he “absolutely” believed Kyiv could defeat Moscow, citing “the courage, the skills, and the determination of Ukrainian armed forces.” Even Yevgeny Prigozhin, the murderous leader of Wagner, said that Ukraine is “one of the strongest armies” in the world. Ukrainians, he declared, are “like the Greeks or the Romans at their peaks.” And yet Western policymakers are still not taking Ukraine’s NATO application seriously. In May, for example, Stoltenberg cautioned that although Ukraine would eventually join, becoming a member “in the midst of a war is not the agenda.” German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius said that although the door for Ukraine has opened, it was just “a crack.” Now, he continued, “is not the time to decide.” Neither Stoltenberg or Pistorius has said exactly why they are opposed to expediting Ukraine’s application, as the bloc did with Finland. But their reasoning is easy enough to infer. NATO may no longer harbor any delusions about the nature of Russia, and it is no longer underestimating the power of Ukrainians. But NATO members do not want to go to war with Russia. And in their minds, admitting Ukraine to NATO in the midst of this conflict could do exactly that. Ukraine may as well already be a NATO state. This fear stems, in part, from NATO’s Article 5 provision, which declares that an armed attack against one of the organization’s members “shall be considered an attack against them all.” Most casual observers believe that means that NATO states are obliged to send troops to defend a member state that’s been attacked. But it does not. What Article 5 stipulates is that each member must take “action as it deems necessary” to help an attacked party—language that gives NATO members a great deal of flexibility. When the United States invoked Article 5 after September 11, for instance, many NATO states did not send troops to fight the Taliban in response. By this standard, Ukraine may as well already be a NATO state. It receives tens of billions of dollars in help from partner nations in the form of sophisticated armaments. It has been the beneficiary of extensive Western military training. It receives detailed U.S. intelligence. And it has never asked for NATO to deploy troops on the ground. It has no reason to: unlike smaller NATO states, Ukraine has a vast military force that can handle the Russians all by itself. Some Western analysts still fear that admitting Ukraine to NATO would result in escalation. Putin has repeatedly declared that Russia will never allow Ukraine to join NATO, and so some policymakers fear that admitting Kyiv might provoke Putin to widen the conflict. But this is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of Putin’s motivations. The Kremlin’s ultimate concern has never been that Ukraine will join NATO, despite what Putin may say in public. It is, instead, that Ukraine is resisting Putin’s colonial aspirations. And Russia has already escalated in response to that fear—by invading Ukraine. The West’s repeated assurances that Ukraine would not join NATO did nothing to stop him. ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY Ukraine should join NATO right away. But unfortunately, it will almost certainly have to wait. It takes a unanimous vote to add a country to the alliance, and there are still far too many governments that remain opposed to the country’s ascension. But in Vilnius, NATO should at least move beyond vague promises about Ukraine’s future and get down to the specifics of helping Kyiv join the organization. It is time for Western states to stand firm against bullies and stop giving Russia (or any other outside state) a voice in the security architecture of an organization that considers it an adversary. Instead, now is the time for NATO to start strengthening itself, and bringing in Ukraine is essential to accomplishing this task. No state, after all, knows more about how to fight back against the Kremlin. In fact, no country has more current experience fighting large-scale wars anywhere. Ukraine’s only peer is Russia itself. And fundamentally, the West needs to accept that the threat from Russia is not going away. Russia’s imperial ambitions extend beyond just Ukraine. They go deeper than just Putin. Russia’s entire top leadership is steeped in hatred toward the West and oriented around recreating an empire. It will menace eastern Europe even if Kyiv attains a complete victory, and even if Putin is kicked out of office. To hold off Russia, the democratic world needs an integrated military to stop and deter the Kremlin’s aggression. NATO can be that force. But in order to do so, it needs to stop seeing Ukraine as a harassed neighbor that is trying to enter its safe house. It needs to instead recognize Ukraine for what it is: the world’s best enforcer and a state that can do much to ensure Europe’s safety. NATO, then, needs to admit Ukraine. 自由世界必須堅持烏克蘭問題 凍結的衝突或部分勝利 將解決任何問題 作者:Petr Fiala、Eduard Heger 和 Mateusz Morawiecki 2023 年 4 月 24 日 2023 年 2 月,英國多塞特郡挑戰者 2 坦克頂部的烏克蘭士兵 2023 年 2 月,英國多塞特郡挑戰者 2 坦克頂部的烏克蘭士兵 托比梅爾維爾/路透社 網頁網址https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/free-world-must-stay-course-ukraine 歐洲人受到美國總統拜登 2 月份訪問華沙和基輔的鼓舞。拜登重申,雖然美國距離遙遠,但它致力於歐洲的自由——並且像我們一樣理解烏克蘭正在為我們所有人的自由而戰。 烏克蘭不想與俄羅斯交戰。我們也沒有。但越來越明顯的是,俄羅斯很久以前就決定與我們交戰。多年來,克里姆林宮通過違反國際法系統地破壞國際穩定與安全, 為什麼北約必須承認烏克蘭 基輔需要聯盟,聯盟需要基輔 德米特羅·庫勒巴(DMYTRO KULEBA 是烏克蘭外交部長) 2023 年 4 月 25 日 2023 年 4 月,北約秘書長延斯·斯托爾滕貝格和烏克蘭總統沃洛德米爾·澤倫斯基在烏克蘭基輔 Alina Yarysh / 路透社 網頁網址https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/why-nato-must-admit-ukraine 4月 4 日,我坐在布魯塞爾北約總部的大圓桌旁,為芬蘭正式加入聯盟而鼓掌。我為我的芬蘭朋友感到高興,我歡迎歐洲安全板塊的這種轉變。但我的國家烏克蘭還不是北約成員,而這一轉變只有在成為北約成員後才能完成。對我們來說幸運的是,歷史的車輪正在轉動,任何人都無法阻止它們。 俄羅斯對烏克蘭的戰爭不僅僅是殺害烏克蘭人和竊取我們的土地。弗拉基米爾·普京總統正試圖摧毀 1945 年後形成的歐洲安全秩序的基礎。這就是為什麼風險如此之高,不僅對烏克蘭如此,對整個歐洲-大西洋共同體也是如此。 烏克蘭沒有選擇這場戰鬥。美國及其北約盟國也沒有。俄羅斯發動了這場戰爭。但結束衝突、贏得確保歐洲子孫後代和平與穩定的正義勝利的責任落到了烏克蘭及其西方夥伴身上。 這樣做需要接受不可避免的事實:烏克蘭將成為北約成員,而且越早越好。現在是聯盟停止找藉口並開始導致烏克蘭最終加入的進程的時候了,向普京表明他已經失敗並迫使他緩和自己的野心。在這場戰爭的整個過程中,我們已經證明我們已經做好了加入聯盟的準備,而且我們可以為聯盟提供很多幫助。我們需要的是來自盟國的明確書面聲明,列出加入的途徑。 藉口,藉口 作為歷史上最成功的防禦聯盟,北約既是安全的保障者,也是共同政治未來的體現。但該聯盟的力量來自其成員的政治意願,而在接納烏克蘭問題上,這種意願非常缺乏。 在北約 2008 年布加勒斯特峰會上,成員國同意將烏克蘭加入作為一個目標,但花了更多時間向俄羅斯表明這不會發生(至少在可預見的未來的任何時候),而不是採取實際步驟使其成為現實。換句話說,該聯盟表示願意保持加入的大門敞開,但前提是烏克蘭不會很快讓北約的家門口變得黑暗。三場戰爭之後——2008 年在格魯吉亞,2014 年在烏克蘭,現在又在烏克蘭——顯然,模棱兩可是普京最好的盟友。 自布加勒斯特峰會以來的 15 年裡,烏克蘭聽到了很多關於它為什麼不能加入北約的爭論。聯盟成員聲稱,接納與俄羅斯接壤的新成員可能會激怒莫斯科。這種說法一直都是錯誤的,但現在重提起來就很可笑了。當時俄羅斯佔領克里米亞2014 年,烏克蘭正式成為不結盟國家,沒有加入北約的雄心。2022 年,當俄羅斯開始可怕的全面入侵時,北約仍未為烏克蘭的加入開闢一條真正的道路。當我寫下這些文字時,空襲警報在基輔響起,俄羅斯正在對巴赫穆特市進行長達數月的攻擊。莫斯科還準備擊退烏克蘭的一系列反攻。因此,對於任何認為讓烏克蘭加入北約會激怒俄羅斯的人,我有一個簡單的回應:你是認真的嗎? 恐懼籠罩了北約的判斷。 令人驚訝的是,即使在全面戰爭一年多之後,烏克蘭加入的反對者仍在繼續提出這一論點。然而,芬蘭的加入一勞永逸地證明了為什麼它站不住腳。俄羅斯對北約最近的東擴——將一個成員直接置於俄羅斯邊境——的回應不是通過猛烈抨擊芬蘭,而是通過淡化該國加入的重要性,大概是為了避免突出其未能將赫爾辛基排除在聯盟之外。 那些反對烏克蘭加入的人還認為,烏克蘭本身在是否加入北約的問題上存在分歧。在過去這是真的,但現在不是了。自 2014 年俄羅斯非法佔領克里米亞並在頓巴斯挑起戰爭以來,烏克蘭人越來越支持加入該聯盟。2019 年,烏克蘭正式修改其憲法,以體現其加入北約的承諾。根據國際共和研究所 2023 年 2 月的一項民意調查,絕大多數烏克蘭人(82%)現在支持加入。在這個問題上不再存在地區分歧:大多數烏克蘭人在全國各地都支持北約。 北約國家的居民越來越多地將烏克蘭視為更廣泛社區的一部分。根據 2023 年 2 月進行的一項全歐盟調查,68% 的歐盟公民認為俄羅斯對烏克蘭的攻擊是對整個歐洲的攻擊。這是 80% 的波蘭人和西班牙人、70% 的荷蘭人以及 65% 的德國人和法國人的觀點。大多數北約國家的領導人及其公眾都將烏克蘭視為西方安全架構不可或缺的一部分。是時候根據這些信念採取行動了。 讓烏克蘭暴露在外只會導致俄羅斯的進一步侵略。 反對烏克蘭加入的最新論點是這個問題分裂了聯盟。但在歐洲,那些試圖阻止烏克蘭加入歐盟的人也提出了同樣的反對意見。一年多以前,我們被告知歐盟在是否給予烏克蘭候選國地位的問題上存在分歧。然而,2022 年 6 月,所有 27 個歐盟成員國都支持給予烏克蘭這一地位,賦予該集團一種新的團結、目標和力量感。 當決定烏克蘭加入北約時,北約也會發生同樣的情況。 俄羅斯對烏克蘭的侵略使聯盟重新煥發活力,並賦予其新的存在理由。芬蘭在解決了與北約國家的分歧後加入。瑞典將效仿,烏克蘭也可以。這只是政治意願的問題。如果我們專注於分裂,我們就會分裂。但如果我們尋求切實可行的解決方案,北約將變得更加強大和統一。是時候放棄這個藉口並最終接受如果北約的目標是確保歐洲-大西洋共同體的安全,除了承認烏克蘭別無選擇。 我並不是在質疑北約目前對烏克蘭的承諾。自俄羅斯開始全面入侵以來,聯盟成員向基輔提供了重要援助。但我質疑北約在烏克蘭和歐洲-大西洋地區的長期安全問題上的戰略。恐懼籠罩了聯盟的判斷,導致其採取過於謹慎的策略,這對成千上萬被綁架、強姦、酷刑、流離失所或殺害的烏克蘭人造成了嚴重後果。北約有缺陷的戰略也讓俄羅斯能夠通過網絡攻擊、間諜活動和政治干預破壞西方的安全。 北約國家的現任領導人並沒有做出將我們帶到這裡的錯誤決定,但他們可以做出擴大聯盟的大膽決定,從而保衛歐洲-大西洋。讓烏克蘭暴露在外只會導致進一步的不穩定和俄羅斯的侵略。 超越布加勒斯特 烏克蘭尋求加入北約並獲得第 5 條的保護,該條款要求成員國將對歐洲或北美一個或多個成員國的武裝襲擊視為對他們所有人的襲擊,並“採取其認為必要的行動,包括使用武力,恢復和維護北大西洋地區的安全。” 處於我們的位置誰不會尋求這樣的保護?但我們是現實主義者。我們並不是要將美國或其他北約國家拖入戰爭。這是我們的戰爭,在我們的伙伴和盟友的慷慨支持下,我們正在成功地打這場仗。 我們從來沒有要求任何人把靴子放在地上,我們也不打算提出這樣的要求。我們不尋求能夠奇蹟般地結束戰爭並消除在戰場上取勝的魔杖。我們要求的是烏克蘭加入北約的具體時間表。 在立陶宛維爾紐斯即將舉行的聯盟峰會上,北約成員國應該向俄羅斯發出書面信號,表明遊戲已經結束:烏克蘭是西方的一部分,它就在北約的家門口,而且很快就會走進這扇門。為避免任何誤解,我們烏克蘭人不是在談論在維爾紐斯峰會上立即成為成員國,而是在談論北約盟國朝著接納該國邁出歷史性一步。 北約應該向俄羅斯發出遊戲結束的書面信號。 沒有必要製定一項成員行動計劃,為該國在加入前設定某些基準;芬蘭和瑞典表明,此類計劃是不必要的,烏克蘭完全有資格加入。是時候提供明確性了,而不是重申開放政策並讓普京利用其模棱兩可的態度。北約必須抵制向烏克蘭提出額外要求的誘惑,因為這會進一步推遲其加入北約的時間。 相反,北約應該​​做出政治決定,提出烏克蘭加入的時間表,要么在維爾紐斯峰會上,要么在 2023 年底前完成。加入將是一個過程,而烏克蘭加入聯盟的最終目標將取決於安全情況,但這個過程需要立即開始。 北約成員國有理由決定,在烏克蘭加入之前,他們希望立即向烏克蘭提供何種安全保障,以及在烏克蘭成為北約盟國後,這些保障中的哪些將繼續適用(除北約所載的保障外)條約)。然而,如果北約在維爾紐斯峰會上不採取行動,它將繼續背負布加勒斯特的恥辱。現在是採取行動的時候了。 資產,而非負債 烏克蘭可以從北約那裡獲益良多,但它也可以提供很多回報。烏克蘭正在保衛北約的整個東翼,並與聯盟成員分享它學到的東西。例如,烏克蘭軍方表明,雖然北約的權力下放原則——將決策權下放給下屬——適用於小型專業士兵和承包商單位,但不適用於徵召士兵參與的全面戰爭佔單位的 70%。烏克蘭的經驗還表明,與北約的做法相反,訓練部隊的指揮官應該是領導這些部隊參戰的指揮官。烏克蘭給北約的其他教訓包括創新的價值,獨創性,地方主動性,民間支持軍隊和民防。 在戰爭過程中,烏克蘭幫助加強了北約的規則、標準和程序,提高了聯盟打現代高強度戰爭的能力。烏克蘭在應對混合威脅、開展信息戰以及確保國家機構和關鍵基礎設施的彈性方面也擁有無與倫比的經驗。今天,數百萬烏克蘭人正在歐洲 21 世紀最血腥的戰爭中磨練自己的技能。明天,他們將利用這些技能來加強北約的集體安全。 確保歐洲-大西洋安全的最佳方式是歡迎烏克蘭加入北約。政治家、外交官和分析人士總是可以指望提出新的論點,將烏克蘭排除在聯盟之外,就像他們多年來一直在做的那樣。好消息是每一個新論點都比上一個弱。壞消息是,不斷地反駁它們會以犧牲人們的安全為代價來浪費寶貴的時間。烏克蘭需要北約,北約也需要烏克蘭。

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